Kaogu 2009-12

Main Contents

Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology and Shangluo Municipal Museum, Excavation of Cultural
Remains of the Yangshao and Longshan Periods on the Donglongshan Site in Shangluo City, Shaanxi----(3)
Luoyang Municipal Archaeological Team, Excavation of Eastern Zhou Tomb CIM9950 on the Runyang
Square in Luoyang City, Henan ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(18)
Antiquarian and Museological College of Chongqing Teachers University and Archaeological,
Antiquarian and Museological College of Peking University, Excavation in the Shixiazi and Dongtianpu
Cemeteries of the Warring States Period in Zhongxian County, Chongqing ------------------------------------(32)
Shanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology et al., Mural Tombs of the Yuan Period in the Kangzhuang
Industrial Area of Tunliu County, Shanxi ----------------------------------------------------------------------------(39)
Wang Lixin, Reconsideration on the Postponement of the Formation of Cultures with the Early-Shang and
Erlitou Cultures as Examples-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(47)
Liang Taihe, A Study of Head-covered Burials in the Hezhang Kele Cemetery ------------------------------------(56)
Wang Zhongshu, “Azuma no Kuni” of Ancient Japan Seen from China: A Study of the Inscription on the
Iron Sword from the Inariyama Tumutus in Sakitama -------------------------------------------------------------(69)
Wang Wei, The Sakitama Inariyama Tumulus and the Sakitama Tumulus Group in Japan Seen from China ---(77)
Liu Qingzhu, A Review of the Book Palace-and-garden Sites of the Nanyue State --------------------------------(85)

Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology and Shangluo Municipal Museum, Excavation of Cultural
Remains of the Yangshao and Longshan Periods on the Donglongshan Site in Shangluo City, Shaanxi-
KEY WORDS: Shaanxi    Donglongshan site    cultural remains of the Yangshao period    cultural remains of the Longshan period
ABSTRACT: In 1997 to 2002, the Shaanxi Provincial Academy of Archaeology, in cooperation with the Shangluo Municipal Museum, carried out a large-scale excavation on the Donglongshan site in Shangluo City, Shaanxi. The site is rich in cultural remains of the Yangshao and Longshan periods, including house-foundations, ash-pits and tombs, as well as pottery vessels and stone implements. The Yangshao remains of the site are similar to the Miaodigou type and must go back to the mid Yangshao period. The early Longshan remains show a close relationship with the contemporary remains in the Guanzhong region, and in date they correspond roughly to the Miaodigou II culture. The late Longshan remains distinctly belong to the Keshengzhuang culture, and can be dated to the Keshengzhuang II culture.

Luoyang Municipal Archaeological Team, Excavation of Eastern Zhou Tomb CIM9950 on the Runyang
Square in Luoyang City, Henan
KEY WORDS: Henan    Luoyang    earthen-pit tomb    early Spring-and-Autumn period
ABSTRACT: In 2008, the Luoyang Municipal Archaeological Team excavated an Eastern Zhou period tomb on the construction-site within the Runyang Square in Luoyang City. The grave is in a good condition. It is a single burial in a rectangular earthen pit furnished with a chamber and double coffins, and yielded more than 300 funeral objects, including bronze vessels for ritual use, weapons and horse-and-chariot trappings, and jade, stone and agate ornaments. Judged by the features of the tomb form and grave goods, the tomb can be dated roughly to the early Spring-and-Autumn period. Enjoying funeral objects large in number and type, complete in combination and high in rank with five ding tripods and four gui food containers among ritual bronzes, the tomb-owner can be preliminarily assigned to the aristocracy of the dafu大夫 rank.

Shanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology et al., Mural Tombs of the Yuan Period in the Kangzhuang
Industrial Area of Tunliu County, Shanxi
KEY WORDS: Shanxi    Tunliu County    brick-chambered mural tombs    Yuan period
ABSTRACT: In July 2004, the Shanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology and other institutions excavated three mural tombs of the Yuan period in the Kangzhuang Industrial Area of Tunliu County, Shanxi. These graves are each furnished with a domed brick chamber and a tomb-passage, and in two cases have structures in imitation of wooden buildings. The inside of the chambers are painted with murals, of which those in Tombs 1and 2 are better in condition while those in Tomb 3 have seriously peeled off. They represent various subjects, including doorkeepers, attendants, stories of filial pieties, those of immortals and celestial maps. All tombs have ink-written dated inscriptions, which record the tomb-owners’ status, the location of the cemetery, the date of building of the tombs and that of entombing of the dead.     

Wang Lixin, Reconsideration on the Postponement of the Formation of Cultures with the Early-Shang and
Erlitou Cultures as Examples
KEY WORDS: formation of cultures    postponement    early-Shang culture    Erlitou culture   
ABSTRACT: In a series of changes brought about owing to great political transformations, the formation of a new material culture with stable structure generally lags behind the occurrence of political events themselves in terms of time. Through a review of the formation processes and mechanisms of the early-Shang culture and Erlitou culture, it can be concluded that there was a period of cultural upheaval and reorganization before the formation of either culture. The causes in the depth must have been the migration and interaction of various groups of ancient peoples and the reconstruction of social order resulting from the large-scale alliances and annexations in those times. The Erlitou culture as the culture of the Xia-state-people in the Xia Dynasty and the early-Shang culture as the culture of the Shang-state-people in the early Shang Dynasty were undoubtedly formed later than the establishment of their respective dynasties.

Wang Zhongshu, “Azuma no Kuni” of Ancient Japan Seen from China: A Study of the Inscription on the
Iron Sword from the Inariyama Tumutus in Sakitama
KEY WORDS: Azuma no Kuni (eastern areas)    Sakitama (Saitama)    Inariyama tumulus   
Ohiko    Owake no Omi    Yamato
ABSTRACT: According to the inscription on the iron sword unearthed from the Inariyama tumulus in Sakitama, Japan, the captain of the guard of the Wo king in the later fifth century was named Owake no Omi. It went through eight generations from Owake no Omi’s ancestor Ohiko first held this position in the early fourth century and then handed down it to his descendants until Owake no Omi. The present author believes that the capital of the Wo king was all along in Yamato, so Ohiko appointed to be captain of the guard and his descendants, including Owake no Omi, were all of the wealthy and influential central family in Yamato. Only for strengthening the king’s control over the so called “Azuma no Kuni,” i.e. the areas far in the east, Owake no Omi was sent to Sakitama, and after death buried locally in the Inariyama tumulus. Thus the valuable iron sword he made became a funeral object in the tumulus.

Wang Wei, The Sakitama Inariyama Tumulus and the Sakitama Tumulus Group in Japan Seen from China
KEY WORDS: Inariyama tumulus    Sakitama tumulus group    Owake no Omi    Musashi   
Kuni no Miyatsuko (head of local power)
ABSTRACT: There is a gold-inlaid 115-character inscription on the iron sword unearthed from the Inariyama tumulus, the earliest tomb in the Sakitama tumulus group of Japan. It records that the sword-owner Owake no Omi was“杖刀人首”(maybe captain of the guard) of the Wo King Wakatakeru and assisted the ruler in “governing the land under heaven.” The Sakitama tumulus group was built in the late fifth to the sixth centuries with the Inariyama tumulus as the initial structure. These large-sized square-front circular-back tumula must be the burials of rulers of the Musashi area, i.e. the tombs of the members of the wealthy and influential family who, generation after generation, acted as the Wo king’s “杖刀人首”and enjoyed backing from the Yamato royal power in their dominating the Musashi area. In other words, the support from the Yamato royal power may have been one of the important factors that enabled the rulers of the Musashi area to control this land.