Kaogu 2011-1

Main Contents

Second Inner Mongolian Archaeological Team, IA, CASS and Inner Mongolian Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, The “Black Dragon Gate” Site and Architectural Foundation No. 4 of Zuling Mausoleum Precinct of the Liao Dynasty in Bairin Left Banner, Inner Mongolia …………………………… (3)
Liaoning Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology and Donggang Municipal Office for the Preservation of Ancient Monuments, The Excavation to the Shanxitou Bronze Age Site in Donggang City, Liaoning …………………………………………………………………… (7)
Yunnan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology et al., The Excavation to Jinlianshan Cemetery in Chengjiang County, Yunnan in 2008-2009 ………………………………………………………………… (17)
Appendix: Zhang Quanchao, The Preliminary Stable Isotope Analysis to the Human Skeletons Unearthed from Jinlianshan Cemetery in Chengjiang County, Yunnan ……………………………………………………………………… (30)
Chongqing Municipal Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, The Recovering of the Han Tombs of Jiangjuncun Cemetery in Zhongxian County, Chongqing ………………………………………………………………… (34)
Wang Qing, The Control Network and Mode of the Settlements of Longshan Culture in Northwestern Henan …………………………………………… (60)
Jiang Zhilong, The Preliminary Understanding to the Jinlianshan Cemetery in Yunnan ……………………………………………………………………… (71)
Zhang Feng, The Comparative Study on the Settlements of Agricultural Cultures and Nomadic Cultures in the Qin-Han Period ………………………………… (77)
Wang Zijin, On the “Linhuai Haizei” in the Text of Wooden Slips of the Han Dynasty at Juyan …………………………………………………………………… (85)
Chen Hongbo, The Interpretation and Introduction of the Archaeological Typology Theory of Montelius in China ……………………………………………… (91)

The “Black Dragon Gate” Site and Architectural Foundation No. 4 of Zuling Mausoleum Precinct of the Liao Dynasty in Bairin Left Banner, Inner Mongolia
KEYWORDS: Inner Mongolia    Zuling Mausoleum    The “Black Dragon Gate” Site; Architectural Foundation No. 4    Liao Dynasty
ABSTRACT: In 2010, the Gate No. 1 and Architectural Foundation No. 4 of the Zuling Mausoleum Precinct in Inner Mongolia are excavated. The excavation revealed that Gate No. 1 was composed of gateways, buttresses, precinct walls, ramps, tunnels and the lofty gate tower; it would be the “Heilong Men (Black Dragon Gate)” in historic literature. Architectural Foundation No. 4 is in a roughly square plan and facing east; six column bases are found on each side, which means that the main body of the original architecture was composed of five bays both longitudinally and transversely. The porcelains, bronzes and iron wares unearthed from a pit (K1) to the east of this architectural foundation proved that it was an offering hall of the mausoleum. This is the first excavation to the gates of the imperial mausoleums of the Liao Dynasty and has important academic meanings.

The Excavation to the Shanxitou Bronze Age Site in Donggang City, Liaoning
KEYWORDS: Liaoning    Donggang City    Shanxitou Site    Bronze Age    Shang Dynasty
ABSTRACT: In 2002 and 2003, two terms of excavations were conducted to Shanxitou Site in Donggang City, Liaoning Province. The excavations lasted for more than two months and uncovered 250 sq m in total, from which five house foundations, four ash pits and two hearth sites were recovered. Four of the five house foundations were earthen pit semi-subterranean foundations and one was stone-built semi-subterranean foundation. Two sets of intrusion relationships were found among these five house foundations; the artifacts unearthed from them were mainly stone implements and potteries. The 14C data showed that the date of Shanxitou Site roughly corresponded to that of the Shang Dynasty in the Central Plains. The excavation to this site provided important materials for the research on the cultures of Bronze Age in southeastern Liaoning Province.

The Excavation to Jinlianshan Cemetery in Chengjiang County, Yunnan in 2008-2009
KEYWORDS: Yunnan    Chengjiang County    Jinlianshan Cemetery    Shizhaishan Culture    Warring-States Period    Han Dynasty
ABSTRACT: In 2008 through 2009, about 260 tombs of Jinlianshan Cemetery in Chengjiang County, Yunnan were excavated. All of the tombs were vertical earthen pit tombs with complicated superimposing and intrusion relationships but arranged in some given regulations, the occupants of which were in various burial positions. The artifacts unearthed from these tombs included bronzes, iron wares, potteries, jades and stone implements, of which bronzes took the bulk. These tombs belonged to Shizhaishan Culture and their dates at least covered the Warring-states Period to the early Eastern Han Dynasty. The skeletons of the tomb occupants were preserved well and showing diversified burial positions. The excavation of Jinlianshan Cemetery is very valuable for the researches on Shizhaishan Culture and the ethnic attribution of the main part of the people of the Dian Kingdom.

The Recovering of the Han Tombs of Jiangjuncun Cemetery in Zhongxian County, Chongqing
KEYWORDS: Chongqing    Zhongxian County; Jiangjuncun Cemetery    Han Dynasty
ABSTRACT: In 2001 through 2008, eight terms of excavations were conducted to Jiangjuncun Cemetery in Zhongxian, Chongqing Municipality. These excavations recovered 257 tombs from the Han Dynasty to the Six Dynasties. In the five representative tombs of the Han Dynasty, three were rectangular earthen pit tombs, one was T-shaped brick-chamber tomb consisting of ramp passageway, tunnel and brick chamber, and one L-shaped brick-chamber tomb consisting of tunnel and brick chamber. The unearthed artifacts included potteries, bronzes, iron wares, bronze coins, etc., of which potteries took the bulk. These five tombs belonged to the middle and late Western Han, Wang Mang’s Xin and Eastern Han Dynasties, respectively. The excavations to this cemetery provided important materials for the researches on the burial systems and funeral customs of this region from the Han Dynasty to the Six Dynasties.

The Control Network and Mode of the Settlements of Longshan Culture in Northwestern Henan
KEYWORDS: Henan    Longshan Culture    Settlement Archaeology    Neolithic Age
ABSTRACT: Through the site catchment analysis (SCA) to the Xijincheng Site in Bo’ai County, Henan, the control networks of the settlement community of Longshan Culture in Xijincheng Site and the Xupu Settlement Zone where the Xijincheng Site is located are restored. Based on this, the settlements of the Longshan Culture in the entire northwestern Henan are divided into at least three settlement zones centered by Yuancheng Site in Jiyuan County, Xupu Site in Wenxian County and Lupu site in Xinxiang City, respectively, each of which covered an area of about 2000 sq km, controlled four or five settlement communities and had three or four decision making hierarchies; moreover, these hierarchies of these settlements are inducted into two modes, which are called sector mode and trapezoid mode. These three settlement zones would be political entities independent from each other, the social natures of which are still waiting for further research.

The Preliminary Understanding to the Jinlianshan Cemetery in Yunnan
KEYWORDS: Yunnan    Jinlianshan Cemetery    Shizhaishan Culture    Warring-States Period    Han Dynasty
ABSTRACT: The human skeletons in Jinlianshan Cemetery were well preserved, which provided important data for the researches on the burial positions and funeral customs of Shizhaishan Culture. Both single burials and joint burials were found in Jinlianshan Cemetery, the latter of which was the more characteristic burial type of this cemetery. Jinlianshan Cemetery might be composed of three zones, the dates of which were from the Warring-States Period to the Eastern Han Dynasty. Compared with Shizhaishan Cemetery in Jinning, Lijiashan Cemetery in Jiangchuan and Yangfutou Cemetery in Guandu, Jinlianshan Cemetery had some features in common with them on the layout of cemetery, funeral customs and grave goods, while it also had its unique features.

The Comparative Study on the Settlements of Agricultural Cultures and Nomadic Cultures in the Qin-Han Period
KEYWORDS: Agricultural Cultures    Nomadic Cultures    Settlement Archaeology    Qin-Han Period
ABSTRACT: Based on the archaeological materials and relevant research results of the several settlement remains of the Qin and Han Dynasties, as well as the comparative studies of the agricultural and nomadic cultures from the aspects of the geographical environments, architectural structures and settlement patterns and the economies and cultures reflected by them, the conclusion is drawn that as important archaeological remains and important carrier of ancient social cultures, settlements had to be influenced and restricted by the environments and cultures, and unquestionably reflected their historic and cultural backgrounds.

On the “Linhuai Haizei” in the Text of Wooden Slips of the Han Dynasty at Juyan
KEYWORDS: Wooden Slips of the Han Dynasty at Juyan    “Linhuai Haizei (Pirates of Linhuai Prefecture)”    Han Dynasty
ABSTRACT: In Wooden Slip No. 33.8 of the Han Dynasty at Juyan, the term “haizei海贼 (pirates)” is seen, as well as the names of the coastal prefectures such as Linhuai临淮, Lelang乐浪, Liaodong辽东 and so on. It is noticeable that this document on the administrative and military affairs of the eastern coastal regions was discovered in the northwestern frontier area. The text of this slip has contents of imperial edict, the amount of the reward mentioned in which was rarely high. The record about “haizei” in this slip might be earlier than that in the historic literature; the date of this document was at latest before the 13th year of Yongping Era (70 AD) of the Eastern Han Dynasty, which is the earliest precise historic record about the activities of “haizei” known to date.

The Interpretation and Introduction of the Archaeological Typology Theory of Montelius in China
KEYWORDS: Montelius, Oscar (1843-1921)    Typology (Archaeology)    Hamada Kōsaku (1881-1938)    History of Archaeology
ABSTRACT: Typology, which is mainly originated in the ideas of Oscar Montelius, a Swedish archaeologist, in his Die typologische Methode, is one of the basic methodologies of Chinese Archaeology. Montelius’ works were introduced the earliest by Hamada Kōsaku to the East: into Japan the first, and then into China. In 1930s, four Chinese versions of Die typologische Methode appeared in China, three of which were from its Japanese version and one from German original. The interpretation and introduction of Montelius’ works were started by Wen You, while Yu Jianhua, Zheng Shixu, Hu Zhaochun and Teng Gu also contributed much for the diffusion of the typological methods of Montelius in China.