KAOGU XUEBAO

(Acta Archaeologica Sinica)

No. 3, 2018

Contents

Wei Xingtao,

The Studyon the Dongzhuang Type of the Yangshao Culture…………………(275)

Huo Wei,

The Origin and Development of the Styles and Paradigms of the Sculptures of the Southern Dynasties Around the Transitional Period from the Southern Qi to Liang Dynasties…………………………………………………………………………(313)

Hangzhou Municipal Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology and Xiaoshan Museum, The Excavation of the Burials of the Han Dynasty at Xitouhuang Village, Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou ………………………………………………………………(333)

Second Inner Mongolian Archaeological Team, Institute of Archaeology, Chinese

Academy of Social Sciences and Inner Mongolian Institute of Cultural Relics and

Archaeology,

The Excavation of the “Black Dragon Gate” Site of the Zuling Mausoleum Precinct of the Liao Dynasty ……………………………………………………………(373)

THE STUDY ON THE DONGZHUANG TYPE OF THE YANGSHAO CULTURE

by

Wei Xingtao

The Dongzhuang Type of the Yangshao Culture distributed mainly in western Henan and southern Shanxi is an important type of the early phase of the Yangshao Culture. Because of the rare discovery of the remains of this type in the past, the fundamental studies on this type were insufficient. Through comprehensive collection and analyses of the relevant archaeological materials of these regions, this paper identified many remains belonging to the early phase of the Yangshao Culture, made close periodizations to every site, and finally divided the Dongzhuang Type into three phases and six stages. The features of this type included house foundations, ash pits (refuse middens), burials, etc. The pottery vessels are mainly made of red fine clay pottery and reddish-brown sand-tempered pottery. Most of the pottery wares are plain, and the decorative patterns are cord mark, bowstring pattern, awl-picked pattern, etc., plus some color-painted designs. The pottery types are pointed-bottomed bottles with small mouth, sand-tempered pottery jars, basins, jugs, vats, bowls, etc. The pointed-bottomed bottle with cup-shaped small mouth is the representative pottery vessel of Dongzhuang Type, which generally does not have neck but the shoulder is bulging, and the belly is slender. The rims of the sand-tempered pottery jars are usually narrow. The bottoms of basins and bowls are mostly flat. Referring to the 14C dating results, the date of this type is estimated to be around 4300–3800 BC, lasting for about 500 years. Based on the periodization and cultural analyses, this paper systematically elucidated the origin, genealogy and the relationship of the Dongzhuang Type with the contemporaneous Banpo Type mainly distributed in the Guanzhong region: the Dongzhuang Type mainly came from the Zaoyuan Type of the early Yangshao Culture distributed in western Henan and southern Shanxi through long time of development, gradual evolution and natural transition, and roughly naturally evolved into the Miaodigou Type in the middle phase of the Yangshao Culture. Dongzhuang Type and Banpo Type are generally parallel developing but relatively independent types, the latter of which lasted slightly longer than the former. This also laid the foundation for the clarification of the relationship between the Banpo Type and Miaodigou Type, which are two famous types of the Yangshao Culture.

THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE STYLES AND PARADIGMS OF THE SCULPTURES OF THE SOUTHERN DYNASTIES AROUND THE TRANSITIONAL PERIOD FROM THE SOUTHERN QI TO LIANG DYNASTIES

by

Huo Wei

For the origins of the sculptures of the Southern Dynasties Period found in Chengdu area, there were two main viewpoints, namely the “Western Regions Hypothesis” and “Jiankang Hypothesis”, the former of which suggests that the origin was from the Western Regions, and the latter suggests that the origin was Jiankang, the capital of the Southern Liang Dynasty. In the archaeological materials, the popular form of the sculptures of the Southern Dynasties Period found in Chengdu area is the “back screen-style” statues with complex assemblage types; through the comparisons of their obverses, reverses and sides, it can be observed that an important change occurring in the transitional period from the Southern Qi to Liang Dynasties, the styles, motifs of the sculptures and the inscriptions and portraits of the sponsors before and after which all had somewhat differences. The sculptures of the Southern Dynasties in Chengdu area before this period were mainly influenced by the Western Regions and Liangzhou Region, and also absorbed the techniques of the pictorial bricks of the Han Dynasty of local Ba and Shu Commanderies. After this change, the sculptures of the Southern Dynasties in Chengdu area were mainly influenced by the Buddhist art from Jiankang, the capital of the Southern Liang Dynasty, and finally formed the unique sculpture style of the Southern Dynasties of Chengdu area. We can set a clear milestone between the Southern Qi and Liang Dynasties, based on which can we more clearly trim the evolution sequences of the styles and paradigms of the sculptures of the Southern Dynasties Period in Chengdu area.

THE EXCAVATION OF THE BURIALS OF THE HAN DYNASTY AT XITOUHUANG VILLAGE, XIAOSHAN DISTRICT, HANGZHOU

by

Hangzhou Municipal Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology and Xiaoshan Museum

The Xitouhuang Cemetery of the Han Dynasty was located in Xitouhuang Village to the south of the seat of Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou City. The cemetery was about 5 km from the location of the Xiaoshan District Government and covering an area of about 4000 sq m. From August 20 through October 25, 1984, Hangzhou Municipal Garden and Cultural Relics Administration Bureau conducted rescue excavation to this cemetery, which recovered 76 burials and unearthed 1012 pieces (sets) of artifacts. Of these burials, 59 were that of the Western and Eastern Han Dynasties, yielding 936 pieces (sets) of artifacts, including pottery vessels, stoneware vessels, bronzes, iron objects, jades, glass beads, agates, eyebrow ink stone, ear plugs, wooden rack, etc. According to the changes of the burial structures and grave good assemblages and referring to the datable bronze mirrors and coins unearthed from these burials, these burials are divided into five phases, which are the mid Western Han Dynasty, the late Western Han Dynasty, the Xin Dynasty (Wang Mang Interregnum) to the early Eastern Han Dynasty, mid Eastern Han Dynasty and late Eastern Han Dynasty. The burials of the Han Dynasty at Xitouhuang Cemetery have large number, rich types and complete evolution sequence; from the mid Western Han to the late Eastern Han Dynasty, each phase has representative examples and clear characteristics. In the fill of the vertical earthen pit burials, there were often a layer of pebbles bedded, and on their bottoms, grooves for joists were also often seen. These are the unique local features. By analyzing the burial structures and the characteristics of typical artifacts, some burials of the mid and late Eastern Han Dynasty are identified. The burials of the mid and late Eastern Han Dynasty found in Zhejiang in the past were mostly brick-chamber tombs, which were usually severely looted and very few grave goods were left. The burials of the mid and late Eastern Han Dynasty of the Xitouhuang Cemetery were rather well preserved and yielded large amount of grave goods, which provided valuable materials for us to understand the funeral customs of the Eastern Han Dynasty and reliable data for us to refine the chronology of the burials of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Some artifacts, such as the low-temperature lead-glazed pottery pot with dish-shaped rim and the bronze mirror with the inscription of “Bixie (evil dispeller)” and “Tianlu (heavenly emolument)”, provided new clues for the solution of the relevant problems.

THE EXCAVATION OF THE “BLACK DRAGON GATE” SITE OF THE ZULING MAUSOLEUM PRECINCT OF THE LIAO DYNASTY

by

Second Inner Mongolian Archaeological Team, Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences

Inner Mongolian Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology

The Zuling Mausoleum of Yelü Abaoji, the founding emperor of the Liao Dynasty, is located in a small basin to the northwest of Shifangzi Gaqaa (Village), Qagaan Qada Süm (Township), Bairin Left Banner, Inner Mongolia. The Zuling Mausoleum precinct is surrounded by mountains on all sides, and only has a narrow passage on the south side. Between the steep cliffs flanking this passage, the mausoleum precinct gate was built, which was the “Heilong Men (Black Dragon Gate)” recorded in Liao shi辽史 (The History of Liao). In the year 2010, the Second Inner Mongolian Archaeological Team, Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and Inner Mongolian Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology conducted excavation to the Black Dragon Gate site and got important results. The Black Dragon Gate was a timber frame three-gateway gate consisting of the rammed-earth gate body, gateways and ramps reaching them, ramps mounting the gate top, gate tower, culvert, etc. The artifacts unearthed in the excavation were mainly architectural component parts, as well as pottery wares, porcelains and implements made of bone, iron, etc. The Black Dragon Gate was magnificent and well preserved; its fa?ade is more than 80 m at the widest place, and the extant height of the gate body above the present ground is about 8 m, and some architectural remains are still preserved atop the gate body. The base of the gateway was made of stone ground sills laid along the sides of the gateway, on which wooden ground sills were laid again; atop the wooden sills, mortises were opened to receive the supporting pillars of the gateway. This method started the unique architectural rules of the Liao Dynasty. To the south of the gateways, the well preserved hexagonal ramps paved with bricks with grooves are found, which matched the term “wu-ban chanchi mandao五瓣蝉翅慢道 (five-petal cicada wing ramp)” recorded in Yingzao fashi营造法式 (Treatise on architectural methods) of the Song Dynasty, and this is the first case of this type of ramps found in archaeological excavations. The Black Dragon Gate is the first scientifically excavated imperial mausoleum precinct gate of the Liao Dynasty, which has significant academic values for the researches on the layouts and evolutions of the imperial mausoleums and the forms and building methods of the large-scale architecture, and the archaeology, history and architecture of the Liao Dynasty.