KAOGU XUEBAO

(Acta Archaeologica Sinica)

No. 4, 2018

Contents

Zhu Fenghan,

The Reexploration of the Chronological Sequence of the Large Tombs at Xibeigang in Yinxu Site ……………………………………………………………………(407)

Peng Yushang et al.,

The Study on the Bronze He-pitchers of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties ………………………………………………………………………(433)

Zhumadian Municipal Commission for Preservation of Ancient Monuments,

The Excavation of the Runlou Cemetery of the Shang Dynasty in Zhengyang, Henan ………………………………………………………………………… (457)

Department of Archaeology, School of History and Cultures, Sichuan University et al.,

The Excavation of the Fengxiangbei Tomb No. 1 of the Han Dynasty in Yunyang County, Chongqing …………………………………………………………… (511)

THE REEXPLORATION OF THE CHRONOLOGICAL SEQUENCE OF THE LARGE TOMBS AT XIBEIGANG IN YINXU SITE

by

Zhu Fenghan

The Locus Xibeigang is the royal mausoleum precinct of the late Shang Dynasty, which consists of the eastern and western sections. Some of the large royal tombs in it have stratigraphical interrelationships, but because of the repeated looting since the very early times, it is rather difficult to reveal the connotations of these royal tombs and their chronological sequence. Based on the previous study results made by other scholars, this paper makes typological study on the artifacts belonging to the tomb occupants and human victims found in situ or left in the looting tunnels (most of which are small jades or bone and stone implements, although some of them might be mixed in from the looting tunnels of other tombs), and according to the chronological relationships among the types and subtypes to which these artifacts belong, this paper further makes chronological discussion to some tombs having not been arranged into the royal tomb sequence of the late Shang Dynasty because of the absence of stratigraphical relationships, and presumes the general chronological sequence of the royal tombs in both sections of Locus Xibeigang. This paper agrees to the opinion that the royal tombs of Phase I of the Yinxu Culture existed in Locus Xibeigang, but the royal tombs of this phase were still in 中-shaped or 甲-shaped plans. Since the early stage of Phase II of the Yinxu Culture period (the later stage of King Wu Ding's reign), the 亞-shaped plan began to become the popular rule of the royal tombs, and the western section of Locus Xibaigang was preliminarily defined as the royal mausoleum precinct. Therefore, except for the large tomb M1400, which was arranged into the eastern section perhaps because of special reasons, the other large royal tombs of the Shang Dynasty were all concentrated in the western section. The royal tombs with successive dates are mostly arranged in pairs, the earlier of which in the north and the later in the south, and generally extending from east to west. The Great Wuguan Tomb (50WKGM1) in the eastern section, which belongs to Phase II of the Yinxu Culture period, is earlier than M1400 to its west; when the Great Wuguan Tomb was constructed, the western section of Locus Xibaigang had been defined as the royal mausoleum precinct, therefore it cannot be true that the Great Wuguan Tomb was intentionally arranged into the royal mausoleum precinct.

THE STUDY ON THE BRONZE HE-PITCHERS OF THE SHANG AND ZHOU DYNASTIES

by

Peng Yushang Han Wenbo Tian Guoli

He-pitcher is a popular type of bronze vessel in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties. Since the beginning of the 1900s, the scholars have made assortments and researches on its usage, type and style, and origins, and got very fine achievements. However, they also have controversies on some important issues, which still need further studies. First, on the naming of this vessel, this paper points out that the “he盉” is the own name of this vessel mentioned in its inscriptions, which started in the early Western Zhou Dynasty, the “ying鎣” was the byname of he, and the so-called “jiao鐎” would be attributed to the category of he, which was the later type of he. Second, on the functions of the he-pitcher, there have been the following main suggestions: wine vessel, water vessel (washing vessel), wine vessel also used as water vessel, wine vessel changed from water vessel, or vice versa. Considering the own name of the bronze he-pitchers in their inscriptions and their assemblages with pan-basin and yi-pourer, the he-pitcher would be a water vessel. Third, on the typological aspect, this paper classified the bronze he-pitchers of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties into 10 types, and again classified some of them into typological subtypes and chronological subtypes, and observed the periods of popularity and regions of existence of each of these subtypes. Type A, the mouthless he, is the incipient form made by the people of the Shang Dynasty, and Type E, the oval-profiled he is the unique style made by the Shang people during the Yinxu Period of the late Shang Dynasty, both of which did not last for long times. Types B, C and D are all types created by the Shang people during the late Shang Dynasty and inherited and developed by the Zhou people; among them, the crotched bottom of Type B would be derived from Type A. Type F and the later types are created by the Zhou people, and during the Eastern Zhou Period, the regional characteristics are getting clearer. Type G is the type popular in the Central Plains and the zone of the Qin Culture. Types H, I and J are all invented by the Chu people, the Types I and J of which have not been seen in the areas beyond the zone of the Chu Culture, and they are the distinctive vessels of the zone of the Chu Culture during the Spring-and-Autumn Period. Type H spread to all of the areas after the mid Spring-and-Autumn Period and lasted to the late Warring-States Period, and became the final type of the bronze he-pitchers.

商周青铜器中四瓣目纹综合研究

THE EXCAVATION OF THE RUNLOU CEMETERY OF THE SHANG DYNASTY IN ZHENGYANG, HENAN

by

Zhumadian Municipal Commission for Preservation of Ancient Monuments

The Runlou Cemetery of the Shang Dynasty is located to the north of the Runlou Village of Fuzhai Township 14 km to the northeast of Zhengyang County seat of Zhumadian City, Henan. This cemetery is 1500 m from east to west and 1000 m from north to south, covering an area of about 150 ha. It is an important cemetery of the late Shang Dynasty found in the upper reach of the Huai River in recent years, the burials of which were densely distributed on two ridges on the south bank of Wenshu River, and the settlement remains of the Shang Dynasty were also found in the cemetery and surrounding areas. This is a site of the late Shang Dynasty with high academic values. In September 2008 to October 2009, Zhumadian Municipal Commission for Preservation of Ancient Monuments conducted survey and rescue excavation to this cemetery, for which 37 excavation grids were opened. The excavation recovered four water wells and 19 ash pits of the Shang Dynasty, one kiln of the Warring-States Period and 266 ancient burials, of which 255 were that of the Shang Dynasty. All of the burials of the Shang Dynasty were vertical earthen shaft pit burials, and most of them had ercengtai-ledges and waist pits. From these burials of the Shang Dynasty, 349 artifacts were unearthed, including pottery wares, bronzes, jades and stone and bone implements. The Runlou Cemetery of the Shang Dynasty is located in the south of the North China Plain, to the north of which was the Yellow River valley––the core area of the Shang Dynasty, and to the south, across the Huai River, was the Xi State of the late Shang Dynasty, so it was on a key geographical location. This site had not only densely distributed burials but also residential features such as house foundations, wells and ash pits (refuse middens); moreover, from this cemetery, high-ranking bronze ritual vessel assemblages were unearthed. Seen from the emblems of Yaqin亚禽, Shi Yaqin示亚禽, Yaqin Shi Fuyi亚禽示父乙 and so on in the inscriptions of the bronzes, this place would be the settlement of the Qin禽 Clan in the late Shang Dynasty. The Runlou Site including the Runlou Cemetery of the Shang Dynasty is a large-scale central settlement site of the late Shang Dynasty, and very probably the center of the Shang Culture in the Huai River valley and the Dabie Mountains region.

THE EXCAVATION OF THE FENGXIANGBEI TOMB NO. 1 OF THE HAN DYNASTY IN YUNYANG COUNTY, CHONGQING

by

Department of Archaeology, School of History and Cultures, Sichuan University

National Demonstration Center for Experimental Archaeology Education

(Sichuan University)

Chongqing Bureau of Cultural Relics

Yunyang County Commission for Preservation of Ancient Monuments

National Demonstration Center for Experimental Archaeology Education (Sichuan University)

The Fengxiangbei Tomb No. 1 of the Han Dynasty was located on a hillock on the north bank of the Yangtze River to the southeast of the new seat of Yunyang County, Chongqing Municipality, the coordinates of which are 108°42′15″E、30°55′16″N, and the altitude is 150–178 m a.s.l. This tomb was a vertical rock pit tomb, the opening of which was in an irregular plan, and its orientation was 179°. It consisted of the passage, the antechamber and the rear chamber, the general area of which was 50 sq m. The antechamber was the storehouse. The rear chamber was in rectangular plan, on the north wall of which a recess was opened. Originally a wooden coffin chamber was set in the rear chamber, in which three coffins were set abreast. The antechamber had been looted before the excavation, but the rear chamber was well preserved, and from this tomb 286 pieces (sets) of grave goods were unearthed. Among them, 202 pieces (sets) were bronzes, including ding-tripod, box, pot, eared cup, tray, plate, bowl, basin, jar, yufou-jug, jian-basin, fu-cauldron, assembled fu-cauldron and zeng-steamer (yan), jiaohu-wine warmer, zun-wine vessel, diaodou-cauldron, censer, spittoon, candelabra, sword, knife, lamp, crossbow trigger mechanism, belt hook, mirror, bi-disk, plaque-shaped ornament, etc. In addition, 2164 bronze coins were also found. 13 iron objects were unearthed, including fu-cauldron, swords, ji-halberd, arrowhead, chariot and horse fittings, etc. 43 pottery wares were unearthed, including ding-tripod, box, pot, jar, vat, bo-bowl, bowl, zhi-wine vessel, plate, basin, fu-cauldron, ladle, and models of granary, stove, well, censer, lamp, seal, etc. 25 pieces (sets) of lacquered wares were unearthed, including eared cup, tray, plate, lian-cosmetic case, scabbard, wei-slide (to fit scabbard to waist belt), and some lacquered ornaments. Three jades were found in this tomb, which were wei-slide, pig, etc. This kind of large-scale tombs are seldom seen in the burials of the Han Dynasty in the Three Gorges area, while the well-preserved rear chamber yielded large amounts of grave goods, so the discovery of this tomb provided important data for the comprehensive understanding of the large-scale burials of the Han Dynasty in the Three Gorges Reservoir area and the study on the burials of the Han Dynasty. The bronze knife with exquisite silver- and gold-inlayed designs and rare lacquered bronze eared cup unearthed from this tomb enriched our understandings to the handicrafts of the Han Dynasty. The date of this tomb was the Xin Dynasty (Wang Mang Interregnum).