KAOGU XUEBAO

(Acta Archaeologica Sinica)

No. 3, 2019

Contents

Wei Jiyin,

On the Relationship between Xinzhai Culture and Wangwan Phase III Culture ………………………………………………………………………… (301)

Fu Lin,

Periodization and Zoning of Burials of the Zhou Dynasty in the Jiangnan Area and Relevant Issues …………………………………………………………………(327)

Hou Xiaorong,

A Reexamination to Natures of the Pottery Inscriptions Shi and Ting of the Qin Dynast ………………………………………………………………………… (359)

School of History, Beijing Normal University and Shanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology,

The Excavation of the Xiao Baihua Geliang Locality of Xiachuan Site in Qinshui,Shanxi in 2015 ………………………………………………………… (383)

Qingdao Municipal Institute of Cultural Heritage Conservation and Archaeology and Huangdao District Museum,

The Excavation of Mound No. 4 and Burials of the Tushantun Cemetery in Qingdao, shangdong ……………………………………………………………………… (405)

ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN XINZHAI CULTURE AND WANGWAN PHASE III CULTURE

by

Wei Jiyin

Both the Xinzhai Culture and Wangwan Phase III Culture are distributed in central Henan Province. According to stratigraphical relationships and typological evolutions of pottery wares, Wangwan Phase III Culture can be divided into eight stages; the remains of Wangwan Phase III Culture of Xinzhai Site includes four of them, and each of them corresponds to Stages III, IV, V and early Stage VI of Wangwan Phase III Culture. The remains of Xinzhai Culture in Xinzhai Site can be divided into the early, middle and late phases, which respectively correspond to the late period of Stage VI, Stages VII and VIII of Wangwan Phase III Culture according to the elements of Wangwan Phase III Culture contained by them. Both the ending of Wangwan Phase III Culture and the beginning of Xinzhai Culture at Xinzhai Site occurred at the time of Stage VI of Wangwan Phase III Culture, but these two cultures are distinct from each other, so they should be different cultures. After forming in the Basin of Shuangji River, Xinzhai Culture kept expanding. Firstly, to the north, it occupied Zhengzhou and Xingyang area, and then came into Luoyang Basin along the valley of Yiluo River. At the late phase of Xinzhai Culture, it crossed the Wadian Site at Yuzhou to the south, controlled the Puchengdian Site at Pingdingshan, then turned to northwest along the valley of the Ru River, and came into the Luoyang Basin via the Meishan Site and Longmen. After that, the Xinzhai and local Wangwan Phase III Cultures converged and formed the Erlitou Culture. In short, Xinzhai Culture is neither a transitional culture from the Wangwan Phase III Culture to the Erlitou Culture, nor a widespread culture between the Wangwan Phase III Culture and Erlitou Culture, but an independent local culture, which was formed by the westward-advancing Zaolütai Culture in eastern Henan Province, supplanted the local Wangwan Phase III Culture and absorbed some elements of the latter. At last, it developed into Erlitou Culture through continuous influencing and replacing the Wangwan Phase III Culture in other sites.

PERIODIZATION AND ZONING OF BURIALS OF THE ZHOU DYNASTY IN THE JIANGNAN AREA AND RELEVANT ISSUES

by

Fu Lin

The Jiangnan area mentioned in this paper mainly refers to the area to the south of the lower reach of the Yangtze River, including present-day southern Jiangsu, southern Anhui and entire Zhejiang Provinces, Shanghai, northeastern Jiangxi and northern Fujian Provinces. In this area, large amounts of earthen mound burials, stone-chambered earthen mound burials, vertical earthen shaft pit burials and small numbers of dolmen and cliff burials of the Zhou Dynasty have been found, which might be the remains of the Wu and Yue States and Baiyue ethnic groups. As the beginning, this paper makes typological analyses to 10 typical vessels popularly seen in these burials, namely proto-porcelain dou-stemmed bowls, bowls, cup-shaped bowls, zun-vessels with dish-shaped rim, bulging-bellied jars, cylindrical-bellied jars, lidded jars with double handles, stamped hard pottery bu-jars, jugs and sand-tempered pottery ding-tripods. Then, according to the stratigraphical relationships and the coexistences of typical artifacts, this paper divides these discovered burials into 13 groups, and further periodizes these burials into five phases and nine stages, which corresponded to the transitional period between the Shang and Zhou Dynasties to the mid Western Zhou Dynasty, the late Western Zhou Dynasty to the early Spring-and-Autumn Period, the mid and late Spring-and-Autumn Period, the early and mid Warring-States Period, the late Warring-States Period and the Qin Dynasty. After that, based on differences of the artifact assemblages and funeral customs reflected by the burial forms, this paper divided the burials of the Zhou Dynasty found in Jiangnan area into nine zones, and obverses the distributions and changes of the burials in each zone during different phases defined in the previous step. Finally, referring to the relevant historical writings, this paper confirms that the burials in Zone A are remains closely related to the Yuyue ethnic group and the Yue State; the burials of Phase II in Subzone A6 and the entire Zone A after Phase II were mainly that of the Yue State; the burials of Phases III and IV in Zone A were that of the Yue State and the burials of Phase V in Zone A were that of the adherents of the downfallen Yue State. The burials in Zone B were mainly that of the Wu State, and the ethnicity of the burials of Zone I was the Chu people. Moreover, this paper also infers the burials which might belong to Ganyue, Ouyue, Minyue and other ethnic groups. In the aspect of burial studies, this paper roughly outlines the temporal-spatial distributions and vicissitudes of the ethnic groups in the Jiangnan area during the Zhou Dynasty.

A REEXAMINATION TO NATURES OF THE POTTERY INSCRIPTIONS SHI AND TING OF THE QIN AND HAN DYNASTIES

by

Hou Xiaorong

Among the artifacts of the Qin and Han Dynasties, there are some pottery wares bearing stamped inscriptions with characters such as “Certain (toponym) Shi市”, “Certain Ting亭” or “Certain Shi Ting市亭”. About their dates, natures and functions, there have been many controversial suggestions. Based on comprehensive and systematic sorting of these textual materials, this paper makes a detailed discussion in four parts: the first part, on the pottery inscriptions shi市 and ting亭 with exact date of the Qin Dynasty; the second part, the analysis to the archaeologically unearthed shi and ting inscriptions without clear chronological contexts; the third part, the analysis on the shi and ting inscriptions on the artifacts in traditional collections; and the fourth part, on the characteristics and natures of the pottery inscriptions shi and ting of the Qin Dynasty. Based on careful analyses to the unearthed shi and ting pottery inscriptions and relevant artifacts and with references of historical writings, this paper points out that the dates of these pottery inscriptions are concentrated in the Warring-States Period and Qin Dynasty, and all of them are that of the Qin (State and Dynasty), but none of them belonged to the Han Dynasty, let alone the so-called the shi and ting pottery inscriptions of the “Three-Jin晋 (the Han韩, Zhao赵 and Wei魏 States)” and the Chu State. In fact, the shi and ting pottery inscriptions are the product of the “Shi-ting市亭 (market and neighborhood constabularies) system” in districts and towns under the commandery-and-district system of the Qin State and unified Qin Dynasty; they appeared almost simultaneously without clear lag. The “Shi-ting system” was established synchronically with the establishment of the commandery-and-district system, the unifications of metrological and writing systems, and so on, and was a supporting measure for the successful enforcement of the latter. Seen from the commanderies and districts mentioned in the available shi and ting pottery inscriptions, they include the ones in the territory of the original Qin State, the ones established in the domains of the annexed six states, as well as the districts under the jurisdictions of the northern frontier commanderies and those in the new submitted Jiangnan areas, almost covering the entire Qin Empire. This shows the extensiveness and thoroughness of the nationwide implementation of the “Shi-ting system”, which effectively guaranteed the smooth and strict enforcement of the unifications of metrological, writing and other systems.

THE EXCAVATION OF THE XIAO BAIHUA GELIANG LOCALITY OF XIACHUAN SITE IN QINSHUI SHANXI

IN 2015

by

School of History, Beijing Normal University and Shanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology

The Xiao Baihua Geliang (Little Birch Ridge) Locality of the Xiachuan Site is located on a ridge to the east of a road between the Xiachuan and Liangshan Villages in Xiachuan Basin in Qinshui County, Shanxi. The ridge stretches from the piedmont area on the east side of the basin to the side of the road. In 2015, School of History of Beijing Normal University and Shanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology conducted joint excavation at the gentle piedmont area on the east side of the basin, which uncovered areas of 90 sq m in total, including three 5 m × 5 m excavation grids and one 3 m × 5 m excavation grid and unearthed 2691 lithic products. Estimated by stratigraphy, absolute date and cultural properties, the Xiao Baihua Geliang Locality is dated as from 30 ka BP – 25 ka BP and including two cultural layers: the early culture is the traditional simple core-flake culture in North China, the date of which is earlier than 30 ka BP; the types of implements of this layer include round scraper, side scraper, splintered piece, bec, denticulate and chopper. The late culture is the blade-microblade culture, the date of which is 27 ka BP – 25 ka BP; the types of the microcores are mainly boat-shaped microcore, subconical microcore, conical microcore, wedge-shaped microcore, etc. Blade cores present a small number, but seen from the blanks for making implements, some stone implements were made out of blades; the main types of the stone implements are side scraper, round scraper, burin, triangular point, splintered piece, etc., plus a few notched scraper, denticulate, etc., but they are not typical. Through comparative study on the blade-microblade cultures of the same time in Altay area, southern Siberia, northern Mongolia, Far East area of Russia, and Northwest, Northeast and North China, this paper suggests that the appearance of the blade-microblade cultures during 27 ka BP – 25 ka BP represents an expansion event of modern humans from Mongolia and Far East area of Russia to Northeast and North China.

THE EXCAVATION OF MOUND NO. 4 AND BURIALS OF THE TUSHANTUN CEMETERY IN QINGDAO，SHANDONG

by

Qingdao Municipal Institute of Cultural Heritage Conservation and Archaeology and Huangdao District Museum

In May 2016 to November 2017, Qingdao Municipal Institute of Cultural Heritage Conservation and Archaeology and Huangdao District Museum jointly conducted excavation to some parts of the Tushantun Cemetery. In total 15 burial mounds and 125 burials of the Han Dynasty were excavated, of which the burials M147 and M148 beneath Burial Mound No. 4 were better preserved, yielding rich grave goods and showing representative features. To the south of Burial Mound No. 4, brick-built “sacrificial altar” was found. Sectioning to the burial mound showed that it can be divided into two phases, underneath each of which a burial was found. Both burials were vertical shaft rock pit burials in rectangular plan furnished with coffin and coffin chamber, and M147 was equipped with a passage. Rich grave goods were unearthed from these two burials, including pottery wares, proto-celadon wares, bronzes, iron wares, lacquered wooden wares, jades, textiles, etc., among which the jade seal with ink-written characters, jade mats, jade wenming-head cover, inventory of interred costumes, and the shangji上计 documents (reports of the revenue, population, natural and social disasters and related issues of an administrative region submitted to the central government for auditing) of Tangyi堂邑 District are specially important. The mound, “sacrificial altar”, burial receptacle forms and grave goods of Burial Mound No. 4 were all well preserved and presented a complete burial setting which is really rare. The burial form and unearthed artifacts all bear distinct characteristics of the Wu-Yue Culture, so they are significantly meaningful for the study on the mounded burials of the Han Dynasty in the coastal areas of southeastern Shandong, and they also provide archaeological materials for the research on the economic and cultural communications between the coastal areas in northern and southern China during the Qin and Han Dynasties. The unearthed costume inventory and shangji documents bear rich and clear contents, which provide valuable primary materials for the studies on the nomenclatural, political, administrative and judicial systems of the Han Dynasty.