主 讲 人：托马斯•施耐德教授  加拿大英属哥伦比亚大学

地点： 中国社会科学院考古研究所八楼多媒体厅

主办：中国社会科学院考古研究所

 

内容提要：

第八讲：State and Empire in Ancient Egypt  古代埃及国家与帝国

The Egyptian state provided the structure of the political and economic system of ancient Egypt. This lecture will provide an overview of the key institution of ancient Egypt – Egyptian kingship – and the other core components of state, provincial and local administration. While the outward appearance of royal authority appears rather unchanged over the three millennia of Egyptian civilization, kingship changed markedly over time and was also subject to internal and external historical processes. The lecture will also reflect on changing modern perceptions of the role of Egyptian kingship, from traditional ideas of a despotist rule to more modern ideas in which the king was rather an administrator of the country’s financial and economic assets. An important aspect here is the relationship of the central authority of the court with provincial and local governance, but also with other structures of political authority, such as the Egyptian military and the priesthoods, and possibly ‘private’ entrepreneurs. The lecture will also look at state ideology and the religious role of the Egyptian king which distinguished sharply between the orderly world of Egypt and the chaotic world outside its borders, often in contrast to the social and topographical reality. In the 2nd millennium BCE, the period of Egyptian imperialism, Egypt extended its control to a colonial empire in Nubia and Syria-Palestine. The lecture will reflect on the causes and consequences of this phase of empire-building on the Egyptian state and Egyptian kingship.

 

埃及城邦为古代埃及的政治和经济体制提供了结构基础。本场讲座将为大家介绍古埃及主要机构概况-埃及王权-以及国家、省和地方行政等核心构成。虽然在三千年的埃及文明中，王权从外表来看始终如一，但是随着时间推移去发生着显著的变化，并且受到内外部历史进程的影响。讲座还将探讨当代社会对埃及王权作用的认识，从传统专制统治思想到更为现代的思想，即国王是国家金融和经济资产的行政管理者。这里一个非常重要的方面是中央权力机构与省级和地方统治的关系、中央权力机构和其他政治权利机构的关系，例如埃及军队、祭司与可能是“私人”企业家。讲座还将探讨国家意识形态以及埃及国王的宗教角色，这两者将埃及的有序世界与边界之外的混乱世界进行了明显划分并往往与社会和领域状况形成对比。

 

 

第九讲：Religion and Temples in Ancient Egypt  古代埃及宗教与神庙
 

Egyptian religion has always been seen as one of the most typical and representative features of ancient Egypt. It was praised as the best religion of humanities by philosophers in Late Antiquity and the Renaissance. At the same time, it has often been misunderstood – starting from the ancient Romans who mocked the animal or hybrid appearance of Egyptian gods. Scholars as late as the later 20th century often wanted to place Egyptian religion in an evolutionary perspective, from primitive religion to modern monotheism. Only since the later 20th century has a re-assessment of Egyptian religion taken effect that seeks a proper understanding of Egyptian religion in its historical and geographical complexity. This lecture will shed light on some of the main characteristics of Egyptian theology, such as the appearance and nature of Egyptian deities, the significance and function of temples, cult and rituals, piety, and animal worship. It will single out the monotheism of the Amarna period as a special development of Egyptian religions and look at the importance of regional religions as opposed to state religion. It will also look at new types of Egyptian religion that emerged in its later phase, such as oracles and divination, the importance foreign deities in Egypt, and the spread of Egyptian religion to the Mediterranean world. Finally, this lecture will look at big questions, e.g. to what extent was it a guarantor of Egypt’s cultural identity? 

 

埃及宗教一直被视为古埃及最典型且最具有代表性的特征之一。它被古典时期晚期和文艺复兴时期哲学家称为最好的人文宗教。与此同时，埃及宗教也常常被误解–从古罗马人开始，他们嘲笑埃及神的动物形象或者混杂的外表。早在20世纪晚期，学者们往往希望将埃及宗教放在进化的角度，从原始宗教到之后的一神论。从20世纪后期开始，埃及宗教的重新评估才发挥出作用，以寻求在复杂历史和地理环境中对埃及宗教正确理解。本场讲座将阐述埃及神学的主要特征，例如埃及神的形象和性质，神庙、祭祀、仪式、信仰和动物崇拜的重要性和功能。其中主要论述阿玛那时期在埃及宗教中得以特殊发展的一神论并讨论不同于国家宗教的区域性宗教的重要性。讲座还将论述在后期阶段出现的新的埃及宗教类型，例如神谕和占卜，外来神的重要性以及埃及宗教向地中海世界的传播。最后，本场讲座将讨论一个大的问题，即在多大程度上埃及宗教对其文化认同起到了保障作用？

 

第十讲：Death and Burial in Ancient Egypt  古代埃及死亡与葬俗
 

Ancient Egypt has famously been called a civilization that was “obsessed with death”. This is not necessarily a reflection of the true situation but of the preserved textual and material evidence. Egyptian cemeteries were situated in the protected areaof the desert and thus protected from destruction, as opposed to the settlements of the living in the river valley and the Nile delta. On the other hand, mortality rates were high in Egypt and life expectancy low, which created a need to engage with the topic of death. This lecture will deal with the material culture of Egyptian burials: from royal tombs (including the pyramids) and private tombs to the simple burials of society at large. It will also look at human remains which today constitute an important source for our scientific knowledge of health conditions and diseases in ancient Egypt. Mummification was a means to preserve the body of the deceased for the afterlife for those who could afford it, reflecting also the social structure of beliefs in an afterlife. The lecture will look at the significance and development of texts of the Egyptian elite that guided the deceased through the afterlife, from the Pyramid Texts of the Old Kingdom to the Book of the Dead. Particular attention will also be given to the concept and function of Egyptian magic (and the important evidence of amulets) which suffered from particular disregard by scholars and is receiving renewed attention as a well-designed concept to regulate the world. 

 

古代埃及文明以“重视死亡”而闻名，并从遗留下来的文字和物质证据可以体现出来，尽管这未必是真实情况的体现。埃及墓葬位于受保护的沙漠中而非在河谷和尼罗河三角洲地区的住宅区，因此可以防止破坏。另一方面，埃及的死亡率很高，平均寿命很短，这也造就了在处理死亡方面的需求。本场讲座将讨论埃及埋葬的物质文化：从王室墓葬（包括金字塔）和私人墓葬到整个社会的简单埋葬。同时还将讨论人骨遗存，这些遗存构成了现今我们对古埃及卫生状况和疾病等科学知识的重要来源。木乃伊是那些能够负担得起保存去世的的人死后生活的的一种方式，这也反映了来世信仰的社会结构。本场讲座将探讨埃及精英文本的重要性和发展，这些文本通过来世指导去世之人，其中包括古王国时期金字塔铭文和《亡灵书》。还需特别注意埃及法术（以及护身符的重要证据）的概念和功能，这些概念和功能在过去常被学者忽略，如今作为一个精心设计的概念重新受到关注来规范世界。

 

 

第十一讲：Culture and Texts in Ancient Egypt  古代埃及文化与文书
 

Ancient Egypt has left us one of the richest inventories of art and literature from any past civilization. The monumentality of Egyptian architecture and the beauty of Egyptian art  left a lasting impact on the modern public, and its culture has been claimed as one pillar of Western civilization, and also been seen as a foundation of African civilization. At the same time, Egyptian art, literature and language give us a clear idea of a distinct cultural understanding of the Egyptian elite. This lecture will present and interpret select works of art and literature from the 3rd to the 1st millennium BCE and also look at Egyptian language as the mode of written and spoken conversation. What makes those works ‘Egyptian’? What specific symbolic system do they convey that was shared and understood by the Egyptian elite, from a particular vocabulary, a specific belief system, special artistic conventions and architectural forms to particular literary genres and distinctive clothing styles? The lecture will also show how parts of the country of Egypt, different groups of society and different time periods developed varieties of Egyptian culture. Particularly consequential was how foreign innovation was adopted by Egypt and contributed to cultural change over time – from the invention of writing to weaponry, technology, literature and religion. 

 

古代埃及文明给我们留下了最为丰富的艺术和文学成果。埃及建筑的纪念碑性和埃及艺术给现代公众留下了持久的的影响，同时埃及文化为成为西方文明的一大支柱，也被视为非洲文明的基础。同时，在埃及精英特有文化方面，埃及艺术、文学和语言也给了我们一个更为清晰的认知。本场讲座将介绍和解释从公元前3千年到1千年精选的艺术和文学作品并探讨作为书面和口头对话模式的埃及语言。是什么让这些作品“埃及化”？从特定文字、信仰系统、艺术传统和建筑形式到特定文学类型和独特衣服样式，他们传递了哪些由埃及精英分享和理解的特殊符号系统？本场讲座也会展示埃及不同地区、不同社会团体和不同时间阶段时如何发现多样的埃及文化的。特别随之而来的是，外国的创新是如何在埃及推行的，以及随着时间的推移对文化变革的影响，无论在文字创造方面还是在武器、技术、文学以及宗教方面。

 

第十二讲：Society and Identity in Ancient Egypt  古代埃及社会与身份
 

Egyptian society was structured in a hierarchical way, with most of its population working as tenant farmers in agriculture, the basis of Egypt’s subsistence, but also in livestock breeding and the manufacturing industry. The population was ruled and administered by the king and a small elite working for the state and provincial administration, temple priesthoods and at least from the 2nd millennium BCE on, a military. Land was owned by state institutions (such as the treasury), but also temples and wealthy private individuals. The lecture will discuss the societal system of Egypt with regard to controversial issues such as: how much authority and influence did the king exercise? to what degree were the temples independent from the state? was there a private economy in ancient Egypt? The lecture will also discuss the ethnic composition of Egyptian society and how immigration to Egypt changed and contributed to Egyptian society. Was ethnicity (as opposed to social or professional status) an important factor of identity? The lecture will also look at the family as the nucleus of ancient Egyptian society and the role of women. While for a long time ancient Egypt was heralded as a civilization where women possessed rights almost equal to men, in recent times a more nuanced assessment has emerged. While throughout all periods of Egyptian history, women were legally and financially independent, their status still was fundamentally unequal to that of men, from politics to burial practice.

 

埃及社会的结构是层次分明的，大多数人口在农业中是租户农民，这也是埃及生存的基础，同时在畜牧养殖和制造业中是情况也是如此。埃及人民由国王、为国家和省级政府工作的精英、祭司以及军队统治，其中军队统治的时间不晚于公元前2000年。土地由国家机构（如财政部）、神庙以及富有个人所拥有。讲座将讨论关于埃及社会系统具有争议的相关话题：国王具有多少权力并具有多少影响力？神庙在多大程度上脱离于国家？古代埃及由私有经济吗？讲座还将讨论埃及社会的民族构成，以及迁入埃及的人民对埃及社会的影响和贡献。民族（相对于社会或者职业地位）是身份的重要因素吗？讲座还将探讨作为社会核心的家庭以及妇女的社会角色。虽然长期以来古代埃及社会被认为是文明的先驱者，妇女拥有和男子近乎平等的权利，但是近来出现了与之前具有细微差别的解读。虽然在埃及历史的所有时期妇女在法律和财政上是独立的，但是她们的地位从根本上与男子是不同的，无论是政治方面还是埋葬习俗方面。

 

报告者简介:

　　托马斯•施耐德教授（Prof. Thomas Schneider）是加拿大英属哥伦比亚大学埃及学和近东研究教授，主要研究方向为埃及考古、古埃及历史以及近东地中海地区的文明同步化等。施耐德教授毕业于瑞士巴塞尔大学，分别于1990年和1996年获得埃及学硕士和博士学位。在1991-1992年期间，他还担任了法兰西公学院瑞士国家科学基金会研究员。从事研究以来，他著有大量文章和书籍，其中包括《尼罗河和它的人民：古埃及新史》、《古埃及101个问答》、《中王国至希克索斯时期的埃及外族》等。

 

　　欢迎所内外考古同仁及学生参加。请参加讲座的所外人员提前联系报名，或通过中国考古网公众微信、微博平台留言进行预约。

 

联系人：张旭、曹蕊

联系电话：65234003  

 

中国社会科学院考古研究所科研处

2016年11月22日